Periodontal disease begins when plaque, a hard substance formed by bacteria, sticks to the surface of the teeth. To make things worse, minerals in the saliva harden the plaque into dental calculus, or tartar, which is firmly attached to the teeth like cement. Calculus and tartar above the gum line is obvious to many owners because it looks like cement. Veterinarians suggest hard treats and using preventive measures such as brushing your pet's teeth, or offering dental chews to help break up the calculus. However, preventive measures do not always do the job, and dental cleanings are recommended.
Periodontal disease develops as plaque and calculus spread under the gum line, where we cannot see it. Bacteria collect in this sub-gingival area, forming plaque that form toxins and damages the supporting tissues around the tooth, which if left untreated, can cause damage to the gums and tooth loss. Oral bacteria also negatively impacts your pet's immune system, weakening your pet's resistance to other diseases and viruses.
Periodontal disease includes gingivitis, or inflammed and red gums. Periodontitis, or the loss of bone and soft tissue around the teeth, can also occur. There is a lot of variability in periodontal disease, and for cats and dogs, it cannot be properly evaluated or treated without general anesthesia. Damage to and loss of gum tissue and bone around the teeth can occur, development of holes, or "fistulas," running from the oral cavity into the nasal passages can cause nasal discharge. Also, bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and can circulate throughout the body. Studies in dogs have shown that periodontal disease can cause microscopic changes in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys and liver.
Sources:
http://www.avdc.org/periodontaldisease
http://www.vohc.org/perio.htm
http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?A=163
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